My PD Story

Christine and her dad at a baseball game
Care Partners

Christine Rowley

Everyone has a moment that stays with them. For me, it was the moment I realized Parkinson's disease (PD) would change everything. It wasn't the day of my father's diagnosis, it was in a hospital room, watching the man I saw as a solid, unshakeable face experience a crisis that didn't have to happen.

I remember thinking, something is wrong. And right behind it: Am I seeing this as a nurse, or as his daughter?

Christine's dad holding a baby

My father was the kind of person who made things feel okay just by being in the room. He didn't need to say much. He was steady in a way I will always remember, in his favorite chair, with his music, his dog, and his grandchildren. Back then, those moments felt ordinary. Now they feel like everything.

Parkinson's crept in slowly. A tremor here, slower movements there. It was hard to take in at first but eventually became something he and my family accepted as a new normal. I didn't decide to become a caregiver. It just happened, gradually, until one day that's simply what I was.

Underneath it all was the fact that I'm also a nurse. That combination sounds like it should help, and sometimes it did. However, it was also its own burden, because I couldn't turn that part of my brain off. I was always watching, always noticing things others might not have. And then I would go back to just being his daughter.

There were so many times I second-guessed myself. Am I overreacting? Am I being ‘that’ family member? I know that person. I've been on the other side of that interaction. I didn't want to be her.

During my father's hospitalization, his medication schedule slipped: doses were delayed or missed entirely. I watched, torn between knowing what to say and fearing I would undermine an already stretched team I respected, or the system I was part of because of my career.

Medication timing in Parkinson's is not a suggestion. It is the difference between stability and a crisis. The medications work because they are taken on schedule. Because of those missed and delayed doses, my father developed Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, known as NMS.

It's a rare but potentially fatal neurological emergency that occurs in Parkinson’s patients when their medications are abruptly reduced or stopped. When the brain is suddenly deprived of dopamine, it triggers a response that is frightening to witness: spiking fever, severe muscle rigidity, rapid and unstable heart rate, dangerously fluctuating blood pressure, and a level of confusion that can escalate into something far worse. It can look like a stroke, a seizure, a dozen other things that can be deadly if not recognized and treated right away.

NMS is preventable, and it doesn't have to happen at all. The single most important factor is painfully simple: give the medications on time. Every dose. Everyday. No exceptions.

After that, I was searching for answers one night, and what I found stopped me cold. I found the Parkinson's Foundation website and their hospital care initiative.

It laid out everything: the critical importance of on-time medication administration, the dangers of hospital routines overriding a patient's established schedule, and the ways well-meaning providers cause harm by not knowing what they don't know. It was my father's experience written out in clinical language.

How to Advocate for Better Hospital Care

People with Parkinson’s are at higher risk during hospital stays. Use our Hospital Safety Guide to prepare for a planned or unplanned hospital stay.

What happened to him wasn't a fluke, but a system-wide gap in healthcare, and it was happening to other families. That realization didn't make me angry, but it gave me a direction.

I became a Parkinson's Foundation Ambassador for the New Jersey Pennsylvania chapter, talking to patients and their families about how to advocate for themselves. I joined the Foundation's Continuing Education Advisory Board to help shape education opportunities for professionals working with people with PD.

I completed my Bachelor of Science in Nursing capstone on medication safety in the inpatient setting and learned that delayed doses aren't just a minor inconvenience; they can have major implications for patients' lives. That project fueled my desire to further my education, and I will be starting my Master of Science in Nursing in nursing education this summer because if providers and nurses don't know enough, someone needs to teach them.

Beyond that, I have a vision for standardized protocols for Parkinson's patients built directly into hospital Electronic Medical Records, so the guidance doesn't live only in a training module someone completed once and half-remembers. It surfaces at the moment of care, prompting the right questions and actions for every nurse to take with every patient with Parkinson's who comes in.

Christine and her dad at Ocean City Music Pier

My father passed away in November 2024. There's a particular quiet that comes after caregiving ends, when all of the routines and rhythms just stop. But that time gave me something I will spend the rest of my career honoring: in every patient I care for, every nurse I teach, every family I sit with and say, "Here's what you need to know: Speak up. Ask questions. You know your person better than anyone else."

Being both the nurse and the daughter was never a weakness. It was what gave me the strength to fight for him and continue fighting for others like him.

Caregivers, you are not alone. Explore our care partner resources.

Raise Awareness

Pregúntele a PAM: La nueva herramienta de chat impulsada por IA de la Parkinson’s Foundation

🧠 ¿Qué aprenderá en este artículo?

Este artículo presenta la nueva herramienta de chat impulsada por IA de la Parkinson’s Foundation, Pregúntele a PAM (Ask PAM, Parkinson’s Assistance Messenger o mensajero de asistencia para el Parkinson) y cómo funciona. Destaca:

  • Qué tipo de preguntas acerca del Parkinson puede hacerle a PAM.

  • Cómo protege PAM su privacidad y brinda información precisa.

  • Cómo lo conecta PAM con la Línea de Ayuda de la Parkinson’s Foundation.

  • Cómo comenzar a usar la herramienta de chat PAM impulsada por IA en Parkinson.org.

 

Pregúntele a PAM

Pregúntele a PAM (mensajero de asistencia para el Parkinson) es una herramienta de chat impulsada por IA de parte de la Parkinson’s Foundation que brinda respuestas confiables con base en evidencia acerca de la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP), en cualquier momento, en cualquier lugar.

Vivir con la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) a menudo conlleva preguntas acerca de los síntomas, tratamientos, los cuidados, la investigación o qué hacer después del diagnóstico. Ahora, obtener información confiable es más rápido y fácil que nunca.

PAM se creó para darle a las personas con Parkinson y sus cuidadores acceso instantáneo a información precisa y arraigada en la Parkinson’s Foundation, 24 horas al día, siete días a la semana.

¿Qué es PAM?

PAM se refiere a las siglas en inglés, Parkinson’s Assistance Messenger. Usa inteligencia artificial (IA) para brindar respuestas con base en recursos confiables de la Parkinson’s Foundation.

Las plataformas de chat, —como ChatGPT y ahora PAM—,  son aplicaciones avanzadas que usan la IA y el aprendizaje computarizado para simular la conversación humana. Estas plataformas no siguen guiones pre-escritos, sino que entienden el contexto, la intención y aprenden de las interacciones para brindar respuestas más precisas y personalizadas.

PAM está diseñado para entregar información clara y confiable acerca de la enfermedad de Parkinson en cualquier momento del día. PAM puede apoyar la vida con la EP, a los cuidadores y a cualquiera afectado por la EP. Mientras que PAM brinda útil información educativa, no sustituye la asesoría médica de su proveedor de asistencia médica.

¿Qué puedo preguntarle a PAM?

Puede hacerle preguntas a PAM acerca de cualquier cosa relacionada con la enfermedad de Parkinson, incluyendo síntomas, diagnósticos, opciones de tratamiento, seguridad hospitalaria, apoyo al aliado en el cuidado, investigaciones y más. Puede escribir preguntas u oraciones completas, como:

  • Me diagnosticaron de Parkinson. ¿Qué puedo hacer ahora?

  • ¿El ejercicio ayuda a manejar los síntomas del Parkinson?

  • ¿Qué debería saber si tengo la EP y necesito ir al hospital?

  • ¿Cómo puedo ayudar a mi padre/madre que tiene Parkinson?

  • ¿El Parkinson es genético? ¿Debería considerar hacerme una prueba genética?

PAM entiende tanto español como inglés.

HÁGALE UNA PREGUNTA A PAM AHORA

¿Mi información es privada?

Sí. PAM es seguro y confidencial. Si elige enviar su información de contacto para dar seguimiento a través de su conversación con PAM, será compartida de forma segura con el equipo de la Línea de Ayuda para que podamos darle un mejor apoyo. PAM no almacena su información personal de salud más allá de lo requerido para responder a su solicitud.

Para más información, revise la política de privacidad de la Parkinson’s Foundation.

¿Cómo es diferente PAM de la Línea de Ayuda de la Parkinson’s Foundation?

PAM siempre está disponible para brindar respuestas instantáneas en línea, cuando las necesite. La Línea de Ayuda de la Parkinson’s Foundation lo conecta con especialistas de la información que ofrecen asistencia personalizada en horarios laborales.

Contacte a nuestra Línea de Ayuda para:

  • Respuestas a sus preguntas de la EP: Diagnóstico de la EP, tratamiento, vida diaria, preocupaciones de los cuidadores, investigaciones, ensayos clínicos, Parkinson avanzado y más.

  • Referencias de profesionales de la salud y recursos comunitarios para apoyo local.

  • Información personalizada: brindamos versiones digitales o impresas de nuestros recursos incluyendo libros, hojas informativas y enlaces a programas educativos y locales.

  • Recursos para cualquiera en la comunidad de la EP, así como quienes les brindan cuidado y servicios.

Ambos servicios están para usted; elija la alternativa que mejor cubra sus necesidades. Si quiere hablar con alguien directamente, contacte a la Línea de Ayuda de la Parkinson’s Foundation al 1-800-4PD-INFO (1-800-473-4636), opción 3 para español o escriba a Helpline@Parkinson.org.

¿Por qué lanzar una herramienta de chat impulsada por IA dedicada al Parkinson?

La Parkinson’s Foundation lanzó la herramienta de chat impulsada por la IA para brindar más apoyo a las personas en cualquier lugar y en cualquier momento. Cada etapa del Parkinson trae nuevas preguntas: una herramienta impulsada por la IA puede brindar respuestas inmediatas y confiables en el momento.

Al complementar nuestra Línea de Ayuda, PAM refleja el compromiso de la Fundación con hacer accesible la información. Obtener respuestas a las preguntas acerca del Parkinsons empodera a las personas con la EP y a sus aliados en el cuidado para defenderse para obtener una mejor atención y vivir mejor con Parkinson.

Queremos oír sus comentarios

PAM es una herramienta nueva, así que sus comentarios nos ayudan a mejorarlo. Si usa PAM, por favor, cuéntenos acerca de su experiencia aquí.

Policy & Advocacy

5 Ways Policy Affects Your Life with Parkinson’s

🧠 What will you learn in this article?

This article introduces five policies at the federal and state levels that directly influence the lives of people with Parkinson’s disease (PD). It highlights how:

  • Increased federal and state funding is essential to accelerate Parkinson’s research and support breakthroughs.

  • Policies directly influence access to timely high‑quality Parkinson’s care and can speed up a PD diagnosis.

  • Environmental health regulations, such as banning paraquat, can reduce risks linked to developing Parkinson’s.

Group at Parkinson's Policy Forum

When you’re living with Parkinson’s disease (PD), the decisions made on Capitol Hill and in state capitals across the country can directly shape daily life. Whether it’s the funding that drives breakthrough research, the policies that determine whether you can access a specialist, or the environmental protections that could prevent PD in the first place, policy is personal.

Last month, that truth came to life in a powerful way. From March 15-18, more than 300 advocates from across the country gathered in Washington, D.C. for the 2026 Parkinson’s Policy Forum, an event that united people living with PD, care partners, clinicians, researchers and advocates to carry the message of the Parkinson’s community to Congress.

The Forum was an inspiring reminder of what we can accomplish when we speak with one voice. While the Forum has wrapped, the momentum it generated is just beginning. The policy priorities that advocates championed on Capitol Hill affect every person living with Parkinson's and there are still powerful ways to make your voice heard.

Here are five key Parkinson’s policy areas where your voice can make a real difference.

1. Implementation of the National Parkinson’s Project

The National Parkinson’s Project is a historic milestone: the first-ever federal initiative dedicated to Parkinson's disease. Congress passed a law to create the National Parkinson’s Project in 2024, but that is only the beginning. Implementation requires continued pressure and advocacy to ensure the initiative moves forward without delay.

The Parkinson's Foundation is working to protect this landmark project and build momentum as the government moves to put it into action. That means urging the Department of Health and Human Services to seat the National Parkinson’s Project Advisory Council so they can begin their vital work to help prevent, diagnose, treat and ultimately cure Parkinson’s and recommendations to improve quality of life for those living with PD. This project represents a generational opportunity, and advocates like you help keep it on track.

2. Increased Investment for PD Research

We are closer than ever to developing treatments that could slow or stop Parkinson's, not just manage its symptoms. But that progress depends on sustained investment. Federal support for PD research has not kept pace with the rapid growth of the disease, and funding uncertainty puts critical breakthroughs at risk.

The Parkinson's Foundation is advocating for increased investments, including $600 million a year in National Institutes of Health-funded Parkinson's research, as well as complementary investments at the state level that build on and expand what federal funding makes possible.

Every dollar invested in research brings us one step closer to a cure — and every advocate who makes the case to a lawmaker helps secure that funding.

3. Timely, Affordable and Quality Parkinson’s Care

Parkinson's is the fastest-growing neurodegenerative disease, with 90,000 new diagnoses every year. Yet access to quality care is increasingly out of reach for many people. Shortages of movement disorders specialists mean long travel distances. Coverage gaps and unpredictable costs create added stress. Quality of care varies widely depending on where you live.

The Parkinson’s Foundation supports policies that change this reality by making it easier to diagnose and treat PD, stabilizing and expanding telehealth coverage to reach people wherever they are, and ensuring robust public health programs that support both care and research. Quality Parkinson’s care should not be determined by your zip code.

Whether it’s expanding telehealth access or strengthening Medicare coverage, these policy changes have a direct impact on your ability to get the care needed to live well with PD.

4. Address Environmental Health Threats Linked to Parkinson’s

The causes of Parkinson’s are complex, but research has linked environmental risks — including certain chemicals like paraquat and trichloroethylene (TCE) — to an increased risk of developing PD. Even though paraquat has been banned in more than 70 countries, including China, this pesticide is still sold and used in the U.S.

The Parkinson’s Foundation is pushing the Environmental Protection Agency and state governments to end the use of paraquat in the U.S. This policy change could prevent countless future cases of PD, particularly in rural communities where pesticide exposure is most common.

Policy change can protect future generations from ever receiving a Parkinson's diagnosis. That is a powerful thing to advocate for.

5. Education: Access to PD Information

Knowledge is power, especially when it comes to early diagnosis and living well with Parkinson’s. Yet too many people with PD, their families, and even their healthcare providers lack access to timely, high-quality, tailored information about the disease.

The Parkinson’s Foundation is advancing policy changes that improve PD education for people with Parkinson’s, care partners and healthcare professionals. Better-informed healthcare professionals mean earlier diagnoses and better care. Better-informed patients and families mean more confident, empowered decision-making at every stage. Access to PD information also support prevention, helping communities recognize risk factors and take action before a diagnosis occurs.

People with Parkinson’s are at the center of everything we do, and ensuring they have the information they need is one of the most meaningful ways policy can improve lives right now.

Your Voice Can Change Everything

There is a direct connection between the actions we take today and the future we want to see. The research funding secured this year can become the new treatment option available in five years. The telehealth policy passed today means your neighbor in a rural county can see a specialist next month. The paraquat ban advocated for now could mean one fewer diagnosis in your community.

Ready to make a difference? Visit our Advocacy Center to join our Advocacy Network, contact your representatives, and take action on the issues that matter most to the PD community today.

Advancing Research

Breaking News: $82.2 Billion and Rising, Parkinson’s Economic Burden Toll Arrives 10 Years Early

🧠 What will you learn in this article?

This article explains the results from a recent study on the 2024 economic burden of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonism (AP) in the U.S. Key highlights include:

  • The economic burden of Parkinson’s and AP has grown faster than researchers previously estimated.

  • $23.8 billion is attributable to direct medical costs, including hospitalizations, outpatient care and medications.

  • Indirect and non-medical costs, including missed work, unpaid care partner time effort and home/vehicle modifications were estimated to be $58.4 billion total.

Parkinson's disease cost the U.S. $82.2 billion

The economic burden of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonism (AP) has grown faster than researchers previously estimated, reaching nearly $82.2 billion in 2024. Several Parkinson’s organizations, including the Parkinson’s Foundation, and industry partners backed and reported these findings in a new study.

This new study, The Economic Burden of Parkinson’s and Atypical Parkinsonism in the United States, builds upon similar research conducted previously on 2017 data, offering valuable updates and insights into how the economic burden has changed in the last seven years.

Read the press release

Key findings from the study include:

  • There were an estimated 1.1 million people with PD living in the U.S. in 2024

  • $23.8 billion is attributable to direct medical costs, including hospitalizations, outpatient care and medications.

  • $58.4 billion reflects indirect and non-medical costs, including lost income, disability and unpaid caregiving.

"It is alarming to see the societal cost to treat PD continue to grow. This new study further underscores the extreme financial burden to not only society, but to the families of those living with PD.  Parkinson’s remains one of the most expensive diseases to care for yet the U.S. government invests less than 1% of this cost in searching for better treatments and cures through research. Disease-modifying breakthroughs are within reach, that’s why together with the Parkinson’s community, the Parkinson’s Foundation is urging for an increased investment of at least $600 million annually for Parkinson’s research at NIH," said James Beck, PhD, Chief Scientific Officer at the Parkinson's Foundation. 

Direct Medical Costs of PD Remain Steady

To calculate direct medical costs attributed to PD, the study authors compared average medical expenses by those with PD against a similar population (age, gender, ethnicity, insurance coverage) without PD. The difference between the two amounts was determined to be the excess medical cost due to PD.

In 2024, the average direct costs of PD were $18,859 per person across all age groups. These amounts are slightly lower than the average direct cost calculated in 2017, which was $24,439 per person at that time.

However, this difference is primarily due to increased medical expenses for the non-PD comparison group, possibly because of new and popular high-cost treatments such as GLP-1 agonists. Overall medical costs have increased 17% in the past 7 years, and the costs of PD may have only grown slightly slower than that.

Non-Medical and Indirect Costs Have Significantly Grown Since 2017

While direct medical costs of PD have remained relatively steady in the past seven years, estimates of non-medical and indirect costs have grown nearly twice as much in that time.

Non-medical costs related to PD, such as daily non-medical care and home or vehicle modifications, have more than doubled in the past decade, with the average person with PD paying $15,614 in non-medical expenses in 2024.

This dramatic increase is due in part to the study authors identifying new major contributors to economic burden, including housekeeping services, financial and legal planning services and accessible home purchase expenses. They also classified out-of-pocket expenses not covered by insurance such as counseling, supplies and therapeutic activities as costing people with PD on average $4,675 per person in 2024.

Indirect costs include the loss of wages or earnings due to the reduced ability to work attributable to PD (reduced hours, sick time spent, etc.). These costs increased 69% since 2017, going from $7,387 to $12,554 per person per year.

Taken altogether and including indirect cost burdens on care partners, the non-medical costs attributable to PD were $40,290 per person in 2024, up 58% from the 2017 amount of $25,558. This amount is greater than similar costs of other conditions such as diabetes, which had reported an indirect cost per person with diabetes of $4,500 in 2022.

The U.S. Population of People with PD and Their Care Partners is on the Rise

Parkinson's disease cost care partners $8.3 billion

In 2017, the study authors estimated that the number of people with PD in the U.S. was 1.04 million. The 2018 Parkinson’s Foundation Parkinson’s Prevalence Project estimated that 1.2 million in the U.S. would be living with PD in 2030. This new study estimates the number of people with PD in the U.S. in 2024 to be 1.1 million, with the country very likely to reach the 2030 estimate years earlier than anticipated.

The study also found that:

  • Nearly 40% of people with PD receive unpaid care from a care partner, and people with PD have an average of 2.3 care partners. This suggests that the number of PD care partners in the U.S. is nearly equal to the number of people living with PD.

  • 20% of the care partners reported taking early retirement or reduced work hours due to their care provision.

  • 34% of the care partners reported missing or cancelling their own routine health care visits for similar reasons.

Why is this study important?

In 2019, researchers projected that the economic burden of PD would not reach $79 billion until 2037. However, the U.S. has already hit that mark. Current projections assume incidence holds steady — if it continues to rise, the total economic burden will rise faster than currently projected.

Understanding and reevaluating the annual economic toll on people with PD, their care partners and the government strengthen the case for increased federal investment in Parkinson’s research and care. The Parkinson’s Foundation policy and advocacy priorities reflect these economic burden findings, as the Foundation is currently  working to:

  • Increase federal research funding, including $600 million a year in National Institutes of Health-funded Parkinson's research.

  • Promote prevention strategies, including efforts to reduce exposure to environmental risks tied to Parkinson’s including chemicals like paraquat and trichloroethylene (TCE).

  • Implement the National Parkinson’s Project — a coordinated federal initiative to improve prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care.

Take Action. Visit our Advocacy Center to support Parkinson’s policy priorities

Knowing the economic burden of Parkinson’s also allows us to better serve people with PD and their families with programs to help them live better with the disease, touching on areas they are most concerned about and where we can have the most impact.

This study was sponsored by The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research (MJFF), with support from the Parkinson’s Foundation, industry groups (ACADIA and AbbVie), CurePSP and the American Parkinson Disease Association.

The Michael J. Fox Foundation, with support from the Parkinson’s Foundation and other community organizations and industry partners, used data from public databases including Medicare, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Census Bureau. Several Parkinson’s organizations, including the Parkinson’s Foundation, assisted with data collection through sharing a survey across websites, social media networks and email communications.

Learn More

Raise Awareness

Ask PAM: The New Parkinson’s Foundation AI Chat Tool

🧠 What will you learn in this article?

This article introduces the new Parkinson’s Foundation AI Chat Tool, Ask PAM (Parkinson’s Assistance Messenger) and how it works. It highlights:

  • What types of Parkinson’s questions you can ask PAM.

  • How PAM protects your privacy and provides accurate information.

  • How PAM connects you with the Parkinson’s Foundation Helpline.

  • How to start using the PAM AI chat tool on Parkinson.org.

Ask PAM

Ask PAM (Parkinson’s Assistance Messenger) is an AI-powered chat tool from the Parkinson’s Foundation that provides trusted, evidence-based answers about Parkinson’s disease (PD) — anytime, anywhere.

Living with Parkinson’s disease often brings questions about symptoms, treatments, caregiving, research or what to do after a diagnosis. Now, getting reliable information is faster and easier than ever.

PAM was created to give people with Parkinson’s and their caregivers instant access to accurate, Parkinson’s Foundation-rooted information, 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

What is PAM?

PAM stands for Parkinson’s Assistance Messenger. It uses artificial intelligence (AI) to provide answers based on trusted Parkinson’s Foundation resources.

AI chat platforms — like ChatGPT and now PAM — are advanced software applications that use AI and machine learning to simulate human conversation. These platforms do not follow pre-programmed scripts, but instead understand context, intent, and learn from real interactions to provide more accurate, personalized responses.

PAM is designed to deliver clear, reliable information about Parkinson’s disease any time of day. PAM can support people living with PD, care partners and anyone else affected by PD. While PAM provides helpful educational information, it does not replace medical advice from your healthcare provider.

What can I ask PAM?

You can ask PAM questions anything about Parkinson’s disease, including symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, hospital safety, caregiving support, research and more. You can type full questions or sentences, such as:

  • I was just diagnosed with Parkinson’s — what should I do next?

  • Does exercise help manage Parkinson’s symptoms?

  • What should I know if I have PD and need to go to the hospital?

  • How can I support my parent who has Parkinson’s?

  • Is Parkinson’s genetic? Should I consider genetic testing?

PAM understands both English and Spanish.

For a step-by-step walkthrough, see the Ask PAM User Guide.

ASK PAM A QUESTION NOW

Is my information private?

Yes. PAM is secure and confidential. If you choose to submit your contact information for follow-up through your conversation with PAM, it will be securely shared with our Helpline team so we can better support you. PAM does not store your personal health information beyond what is needed to respond to your request.

For more information, please review the Parkinson’s Foundation Privacy Policy.

How is PAM different from the Parkinson’s Foundation Helpline?

PAM is always available to provide instant answers online, whenever you need them. The Parkinson’s Foundation Helpline connects you with information specialists who offer personalized guidance during business hours.

Reach out to the Helpline for:

  • Answers to your PD questions: PD diagnosis, treatment, daily living, caregiver concerns, research, clinical trials, advanced Parkinson’s and more.

  • Referrals to health professionals and community resources for local support.

  • Customized information: we provide digital or print versions of our resources including books, facts sheets and links to educational and local programs.

  • Resources for anyone in the PD community, as well to those who provide care and services.

Both services are here for you — choose the option that works best for your needs. If you would like to speak with someone directly, contact the Parkinson’s Foundation Helpline at 1-800-4PD-INFO (1-800-473-4636) or Helpline@Parkinson.org.

Why launch a dedicated Parkinson’s AI chat tool?

The Parkinson’s Foundation launched an AI chat tool to expand support for people to access anytime, anywhere. Each stage of Parkinson’s brings new questions — an AI-powered tool can provide immediate, reliable answers in the moment.

By complementing our Helpline, PAM reflects the Foundation’s commitment to making information accessible. Getting answers to Parkinson’s questions empowers people with PD and care partners to advocate for better care and live better with Parkinson’s.

We Welcome Your Feedback

PAM is a new tool, and your feedback helps us improve it. If you use PAM, please let us know about your experience here.

Podcasts

Episode 189: Questions to Ask When Considering Deep Brain Stimulation

The standard treatment plan for Parkinson’s disease (PD) typically begins with medications to help manage symptoms. As the disease progresses, symptoms may worsen or medications may become less effective over time. If this happens, more advanced treatment options may be considered, such as Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), pump medications, or focused ultrasound. Understanding the potential benefits and risks of each option, and discussing them with your care team, can help you make an informed decision about the next steps in your treatment plan.

In this episode, we speak with Dr. Arjun Tarakad, Associate Professor of Neurology at Baylor College of Medicine, a Parkinson’s Foundation Center of Excellence, and Samantha Helton, a person living with young-onset Parkinson’s. Mrs. Helton shares her first-hand experience undergoing DBS, including what motivated her to say “yes” to surgery, while Dr. Tarakad discusses what to expect before, during, and after DBS surgery.

Released: March 24, 2026

We want to thank this episode’s podcast sponsor, Boston Scientific, for supporting our mission.

Boston Scientific logo
Raise Awareness

Tremor, Shakes & Everything in Between: Tackling Parkinson's Motor Symptoms

🧠 What will you learn in this article?

  • Movement (motor) symptoms can affect nearly all aspects of daily life for people with Parkinson’s.

  • Discover how exercise, medications and therapies can help people with PD move easier at every stage.

  • Symptoms — including tremor, rigidity (stiffness), bradykinesia, dystonia, gait and balance issues and speech changes — stem from the progressive loss of dopamine‑producing neurons.

  • Exercise and medications (especially levodopa) are the most effective treatments.

Seniors stretching outdoors

Parkinson’s disease (PD) can make it difficult to move when you want to, in the way that you want to and equally hard to stay still. From shaking and stiffness to muscle cramping and difficulty walking, challenges with movement (motor) symptoms can affect all aspects of daily life when it comes to Parkinson’s. Discover how exercise, medications and other strategies can help you move easier.

The following article is based on aParkinson’s Foundation Expert Briefingexploring motor symptoms in PD, hosted by movement disorders specialist Pablo Coss, MD, Neurology Residency and Movement Disorders Fellowship at University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, part of the Parkinson’s Foundation Global Care Network.

Key Parkinson’s Traits

Parkinson’s is called a movement disorder because it impacts how a person moves. While symptoms usually develop slowly over time, Parkinson’s is progressive — needs can change as PD advances through stages. A person’s history, symptoms and a physical exam are used to make a diagnosis.

To consider a diagnosis of Parkinson’s, slowness of movement (bradykinesia) must be present along with either:

  • Resting tremor, rhythmic, involuntary movement that tends to happen when the affected part of the body is at rest. This tends to affect one side of the body in early PD.

  • Stiffness (rigidity) resistance to movement caused by involuntary muscle activation at rest.

  • Balance issues (postural instability) that lead to stumbles and falls. 

Dopamine and Movement

Although scientists are still working to understand the causes of Parkinson’s, we know that the disease is a progressive brain disorder that damages dopamine-producing neurons. Dopamine is a chemical messenger that regulates mood and helps the body move smoothly.

Movement Changes in PD

Dopamine loss in an area of the brain called substantia nigra and other chemical changes in Parkinson’s interfere with brain signals, causing many non-movement symptoms — including emotional changes, gut issues and fatigue — and impact movement in different ways, including:

  • Bradykinesia — a slowness of movement that can affect the whole body, causing fatigue and difficulty walking or completing everyday tasks. It can also cause: 

    • Facial masking, stiffness in the face muscles that makes it difficult to express emotions.

    • Challenges with hand movements, making it harder to do things like ripping a bag open, unscrewing a cap or writing. Micrographia — small, cramped handwriting seen frequently in early PD — is strongly connected to slowness of movement.

    • Difficulty rising to stand while sitting.

  • Tremor. People with Parkinson’s often have a resting tremor in one hand or arm, but it can also affect the legs, jaw or face. Tremor in the hand is often described as “pill-rolling” — the thumb moves with other fingers as if it were rolling a pill between them.

About 70% of people with Parkinson's experience tremors. For some tremors are mild, but for others they can cause discomfort, self-consciousness, and interfere with sleep or daily tasks.

Action tremor, another PD symptom, happens when the affected area of the body is moving or trying to do a task like writing or drinking from a cup. Many people with Parkinson's experience a combination of resting and action tremor.

  • Rigidity, stiffness that is sometimes described as “lead-pipe” rigidity — the body’s resistance to movement during a physical exam (when relaxed) can be so strong that it can feel as if the examiner is trying to bend a heavy metal pipe. Rigidity can lead to:

    • painful aches and difficulty sleeping

    • reduced arm swing when walking

    • facial stiffness

  • Dystonia, painful, repetitive muscle cramping and twisting common in Parkinson’s, can:

    • make the fingers clench up or hold an abnormal position

    • cause the ankle to turn in and the toes to curl

    • impact the face and eyes, making it difficult for some people to open their eyes voluntarily

    • be accompanied by a jerky tremor that can overlap with other forms of PD tremor

  • Hypophonia and speech problems can include soft or slurred speech, difficulty with articulation, reduced speaking volume or monotone voice, which — coupled with facial stiffness — can make emotional expression challenging. Hypophonia can also cause shallow breaths, stuttering or rushed speech.

  • Parkinsonian gait — PD changes the way a person walks, causing small, shuffling steps, stooped shoulders, reduced arm swing or difficulty lifting the feet.

These balance and gait challenges — along with short, rapid steps that tend to speed up (festination), backward leaning and imbalance — increase the risk for falls and injuries, as does freezing of gait: a temporary but dangerous feeling of the feet being stuck to the floor. Crowded areas, doorways and thresholds can trigger freezing.

Increasing Dopamine: Exercise & Medications

Woman taking medication

Because dopamine loss drives Parkinson’s movement symptoms, increasing dopamine is the most effective way to manage them — and exercise is one of the simplest ways to help boost dopamine and slow PD progression.

Exercise can ease PD movement symptoms and improve strength and balance. Finding an exercise you enjoy can give you the motivation to keep moving. Our PD Health @ Home Fitness Fridays workouts, a collection of Parkinson’s-tailored fitness videos, can help you get active at home.

Levodopa is the most effective treatment for Parkinson’s. Brain cells metabolize levodopa to dopamine. It is most often combined with carbidopa — this allows more levodopa to enter the brain without being metabolized first by the gut (where it can cause nausea.)

To maintain the necessary dopamine levels to help the body function optimally, it is vital to take medications exactly as prescribed. It is common for your doctor to adjust dosing as Parkinson’s progresses, to manage changing symptoms.

There are many levodopa formulations, including:

  • Immediate release (Sinemet IR), often prescribed in three or more doses per day.

  • Controlled release (Sinemet CR), also prescribed in three or more doses per day. 

  • Newer, extended-release formulations (Rytary or Crexont) may offer quicker and longer-lasting effects. These might be prescribed two to four times per day.

  • Pump therapies deliver a steady supply of medication:

    • Vyalev delivers foscarbidopa/foslevodopa through a wearable pump and a needle inserted under the skin.

    • Duopa provides continuous carbidopa/levodopa gel through a surgically inserted tube.

  • Inhaled levodopa (Inbrija) is used as needed to treat the return of symptoms between regular carbidopa/levodopa doses, from four to five times a day

Levodopa side effects can include nausea, constipation, dizziness, low blood pressure, drowsiness, hallucinations, or behavior changes, such as hypersexuality (impulse control disorder.)

Over time, some Parkinson’s medications can also cause erratic movements (dyskinesia) — including writhing, rocking, wriggling and dancing. This can often happen after taking a dose when levodopa reaches its maximum effectiveness in the body.

Parkinson’s Progression, Motor Fluctuations & Advanced Treatments

Though Parkinson’s impacts everyone differently, as Parkinson’s advances, for many people, the return or worsening of symptoms (motor fluctuations or “off” time) between doses of medications can occur more frequently. This may lead to increased dyskinesia, imbalance, or falls or the need for assistive devices — tools designed to improve daily living.

Talk to your doctor about any concerns. He or she can work with you to adjust your medication or explore advanced treatments.

Medications used to improve the effect and duration of levodopa include:

These medications can cause various side effects, including nausea, dyskinesia, headache, low blood pressure, dizziness, urine retention or discoloration, sleep problems or insomnia.

Surgery can be an option for movement symptoms in advanced Parkinson’s. Options can include:

  • Deep brain stimulation (DBS), surgery that helps control Parkinson’s movement symptoms, motor fluctuations and reduce medication doses.

  • Focused ultrasound, a newer, incisionless procedure guided by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that uses energy to shut down abnormal signaling an area of the brain connected to tremor.

Learn More

To learn more about managing movement symptoms in Parkinson’s, explore our resources below, or call our free Helpline at 1-800-4PD-INFO (1-800-473-4636):

Videos & Webinars

Expert Briefing: Complementary Therapies & Functional Medicine in Parkinson's Care

November 12, 2025

Managing Parkinson’s disease (PD) symptoms goes beyond traditional medications, with complementary therapies and holistic approaches offering additional support. This program introduces participants to non-drug options—such as massage, acupuncture, red light therapy, and CBD—that can help relieve symptoms and enhance daily well-being. By exploring functional medicine's focus on root causes and whole-body wellness, participants will gain a deeper understanding of how these therapies can address symptoms and improve overall quality of life, providing a more balanced and individualized approach to PD management.

Download Slides

Additional Resources

Presenter

Britt A. Stone, MD
Assistant Clinical Professor, Clinical Director — Vanderbilt Neurology Main Campus Clinics
Medical Director — Parkinson's Foundation Center of Excellence
Division of Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Videos & Webinars

Expert Briefing: Tremor, Shakes, & Everything in Between

Tremor, Shakes, & Everything in Between: Parkinson's Motor Symptoms

March 11, 2026

Motor symptoms are among the most recognizable aspects of Parkinson’s disease. From tremor and rigidity to dystonia, dyskinesia, and changes in posture and gait, these symptoms can affect daily life in unique ways. We will explore the wide spectrum of motor symptoms, how they evolve, and strategies for managing them.

Download Slides

Presenter

Pablo Coss, MD
Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTH San Antonio
Movement Disorders Specialist
Director, HDSA Center of Excellence, San Antonio
UT Health San Antonio

Raise Awareness

Find Real Answers

Find real answers

A Parkinson’s disease (PD) diagnosis brings endless questions. Questions that evolve as the disease and your ability to cope evolve. This April, for Parkinson’s Awareness Month, we want to help people find real answers when it comes to Parkinson’s.

When Parkinson’s gets real, the Parkinson’s Foundation is here to help you find real answers. We offer trusted, accessible support through our Helpline, website, social media and our new AI chat feature: Ask PAM.

Here are some of the top questions and answers people have about Parkinson’s:

What are the early signs of Parkinson’s?

Early signs of Parkinson’s can be subtle. While movement symptoms like tremors, stiffness and trouble with balance are the most noticeable, early signs also include a change in handwriting, loss of smell, trouble sleeping and vertigo. Learn all 10 early signs of PD.

What do you do after noticing early signs?

No one symptom means you have Parkinson’s. If you have several symptoms, consider seeing your primary doctor, then asking for a referral to a neurologist, or ideally, a movement disorders specialist (a specialized neurologist). Keep reading on this topic.

How is Parkinson’s diagnosed?

Parkinson’s is diagnosed based on observation — a doctor assesses medical history, current symptoms and a physical exam. No single lab or test confirms a diagnosis, though certain tests can help rule out other conditions. Learn more about getting diagnosed.

What causes Parkinson’s?

Scientists believe a combination of genetic and environmental factors are the cause of Parkinson’s. Genetics contribute to 10–15% of PD cases, with specific gene mutations linked to the disease. Learn more about this topic.

How do you manage Parkinson’s symptoms?

The most obvious symptoms of PD are called movement symptoms. Parkinson’s is called a movement disorder because it causes tremors, slowing and muscle stiffness. However, non-movement symptoms are common and can be more troublesome and disabling than movement symptoms for many people with Parkinson’s. These can include depression, anxiety, sleep issues and more.

Treatment often includes medications specific to your needs. The medication Levodopa is the most effective treatment for movement symptoms as it converts to dopamine in the brain. Treatments also include things that you do yourself such as exercise and rehabilitative therapies, such as physical or speech therapy.

Is there a cure for Parkinson’s?

While there is no cure for Parkinson’s, treatments can effectively manage symptoms. Medication, exercise and rehabilitative therapies help maintain mobility, balance and mental health. The Parkinson’s Foundation also funds research to advance better treatments and move us closer to a cure. Explore ongoing PD research.

Can you live a long life with Parkinson’s?

Yes. Parkinson’s symptoms and rate of progression are unique for every person living with the disease. Navigating PD involves building a care team with specialists who can address symptoms as they occur, building a support network and staying active.

Find nearby exercise classes and support groups through your nearest Parkinson’s Foundation Chapter. 

3 Ways to Find Real Answers to PD Questions

  1. For immediate answers based on Parkinson’s Foundation information and articles, try our new AI-powered chat tool, Ask PAM (Parkinson’s Assistance Messenger). Ask PAM now.
  2. Call our Helpline at 1-800-4PD-INFO (1-800-473-4636) to speak with an information specialist for personalized answers.
  3. Explore Parkinson.org for tailored resources and information on the PD topics that matter most to you right now.

The Parkinson’s Foundation mission to help people live better with Parkinson’s continues strong year-round. Here are some ways you can help us raise PD awareness right now:

Get more answers and help us raise Parkinson’s awareness on our Find Real Answers page.

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