Regularly seeing a neurologist can improve the lives of thousands of people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) each year. However, access to expert Parkinson’s care is not always easily available. A new Parkinson’s Foundation-funded study found that only 9% of Medicare beneficiaries with PD received care from a movement disorders specialist (expertly trained neurologists who can recognize PD’s distinct nuances and tailor treatments to each patient), while 50% saw a general neurologist.

The study identifies critical gaps in care for people with Parkinson’s in the U.S. Those with the greatest disparities in care are women, people of color (those who identify as Asian, Black, Hispanic and Native American) and residents of rural areas. Published in the official, peer-reviewed journal of the Parkinson’s Foundation, npj Parkinson’s Disease, the study analyzed 2019 U.S. Medicare data.

“By utilizing Medicare data from 2019 that represents 90% of people living with Parkinson’s in the U.S., this research provides not only the timeliest but the most comprehensive study of people with PD yet conducted,” said James Beck, PhD, senior author of the study and Parkinson’s Foundation chief scientific officer. “Our findings underscore that Parkinson’s specialists are not the main care providers for people with PD — it is the general neurologists and other clinicians. These professionals, and their patients, could greatly benefit from additional training in PD care.”

Study Findings

• 50% of people with PD receive care for the disease from general neurologists.

• 29% receive PD care from primary care providers.

• Care access disparities persist for women, people of color, and residents of rural areas — each most likely facing additional challenges in receiving a diagnosis and treatment.
• Although depression affects 53% of people with PD receiving Medicare, only 2% receive treatment from a mental health professional.
• Medicare recipients with PD are not likely to access supplemental therapies — physical and occupational therapy, speech-language therapy and mental health services — with only 20% of individuals seeing a physical therapist, for example.

Share These Findings on Facebook

What do these findings mean for people with Parkinson’s?

There are only 660 movement disorders specialists who practice in the U.S., with a total of six in rural areas. There are one million people in the U.S. living with Parkinson’s.

Forty-one percent of people with PD on Medicare do not see a neurologist or movement disorders specialist. Prior research has shown that receiving care from a PD specialist leads to a better quality of life. These doctors know how to help people manage PD symptoms, screen for crucial symptoms like depression and anxiety, and can help personalize medication and treatment plans.

The Parkinson’s Foundation conducted this study to better identify how it can improve access to specialized PD care. As a result of this study, the Foundation is now expanding disease-specific training to general neurologists and other healthcare providers, and pursuing strategies that improve access to care across all demographic and population groups. The findings from the study will also support policy development and future research that dives deeply into access issues.

The vision of the Parkinson’s Foundation is for all people to have access to quality PD care. The Foundation oversees multiple initiatives aimed at better understanding and improving care, providing professional education opportunities and working to remove care barriers for people with PD. Learn more about how we are increasing access to care through our care programs.

The Urgency of Connecting People to Expert Care

Every year, 90,000 people in the U.S. are newly diagnosed with PD. Unfortunately, many navigate the disease alone for years. Receiving an accurate PD diagnosis can be half the battle, while the other half is finding quality PD care. Those who engage with healthcare professionals trained in PD in the early stages of the disease report better outcomes and quality of life.

The economic burden of Parkinson’s disease to individuals, families and the U.S. government reached $82.2 billion in 2024. Not only is expert care critical to living better with Parkinson’s, receiving care early on can reduce the economic burden of Parkinson’s drastically both on a personal and nation-wide basis.

The number of people with PD will continue to increase substantially in the next 20 years due to the aging population. That is why we are determined to educate healthcare professionals so that people with Parkinson’s will receive a diagnosis earlier, treatment sooner and better care. Our goal is for people with Parkinson’s actively avoid unnecessary complications, such as prolonged hospital stays, and live better with this disease.

How can I find expert care?

If you are living with or caring for someone with Parkinson’s, find PD care near you with these resources:

1. Use our In Your Area feature or call our Helpline at 1-800-4PD-INFO (1-800-473-4636).
2. Learn more about our Global Care Network, designated centers that provide PD care.
3. Talk to your PD doctor about building your care team to address your most troublesome symptoms. Learn more about building your care team.
4. Download the Hospital Safety Kit, designed to help you navigate a hospital stay — planned and unplanned.
5. For healthcare professionals: learn more about PD-tailored care at Professional Education.

Ready to learn more?

• Read more about Finding Care and Treatments.

• Visit our priority populations pages: Women, Black Community, LGBTQ+ and Veterans.
   

A healthy immune system recognizes and fights off illness and disease. Inflammation is part of that process. However, if inflammation persists over long periods of time — which might be the case in Parkinson’s disease (PD) — it can begin to do more harm than good. New research suggests that inflammation may play a critical role when it comes to Parkinson’s.

Studies have shown that inflammation is linked to certain Parkinson’s symptoms and that people with Parkinson’s have markers of inflammation (certain proteins or chemicals that are associated with the inflammatory process) in their blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Moreover, research indicates that manipulating inflammation in an animal model of Parkinson’s resulted in damaging changes in the brain.

Many questions remain about the exact role and mechanisms of inflammation in Parkinson’s. Most importantly, scientists want to untangle whether inflammation plays a role in the onset of Parkinson’s, or whether it is a result of the disease. Another significant question is whether inflammation is associated with certain clinical features that could predict disease progression.

A new study published in Movement Disorders by Talene Yacoubian, MD, PhD, a neurologist at University of Alabama at Birmingham and a Parkinson’s Foundation Scientific Advisory Board member, and colleagues addresses some of these questions. Dr. Yacoubian and her team designed a clinical study to assess the presence of inflammation in those who were within two years of a Parkinson’s diagnosis — before starting medication that may lead to changes in inflammation.

The goal of the study was to determine whether inflammation is present early in Parkinson’s, and whether certain markers of inflammation were correlated to clinical features. The authors plan to follow the study participants to see how inflammation changes in individuals over time.

A total of 120 participants were enrolled in the study. Of those, 58 had Parkinson’s and 62 were healthy controls (did not have PD). Researchers collected blood from all participants to look for various markers of inflammation. A subset of participants also had cerebrospinal fluid samples collected and/or had regions of their brains imaged using a technique that is used for to analyze neuroinflammation.

Study Results

• Individuals with Parkinson’s showed significantly higher levels of brain inflammation than people without PD in several brain regions. This measure of brain inflammation was also correlated with other markers of inflammation in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid.

• Researchers looked at whether the brain imaging results were correlated with any clinical measure in participants with Parkinson’s. They found that inflammation in several brain regions was associated with worse visuospatial and cognitive scores.

What do these findings mean to the people with PD right now?

Currently, brain inflammation markers cannot be used to diagnose Parkinson’s or predict disease progression. Additionally, we do not yet know whether Parkinson’s medications have any impact on inflammation, nor do we yet know how inflammation changes over the course of the disease.

How are these findings important for the development of future treatments?

• Measures of inflammation may help predict cognitive decline. However, we need long-term studies designed to measure inflammatory signals and associated cognitive outcomes to better understand the relationship between these two processes.

• Long-term follow-up of study participants will be critical in understanding the significance of early inflammatory signals in Parkinson’s.

There are already multiple studies underway that further delve into inflammation and neurodegeneration. This research can ultimately lead to doctors being able to track inflammation to assess disease progression, and to the development of therapeutics that target inflammatory pathways in Parkinson’s.

Learn More

The Parkinson’s Foundation believes in empowering the Parkinson’s community through education. Learn more about PD and the topics in this article through our below resources, or by calling our free Helpline at 1-800-4PD-INFO (1-800-473-4636) for answers to your Parkinson’s questions.

• 6 Parkinson’s Virtual Biotech Drugs in Research & Development
• Simple Blood Draw Reveals Early Inflammation/Fatigue Connection
• Pain – This Parkinson’s symptom is directly related to inflammation.
• New to Parkinson’s